Germany

How do I make a formal complaint about a defective product?

2 years
Legal warranty period
100% refund
Available if repair fails
Free repair
Seller must cover all costs
No fee
Complaint must be free to submit
The Short Answer

Send a clear, written complaint to the seller stating the defect and demanding repair or replacement under German law. You have two years from delivery to assert your rights.

What the Law Says

Under German consumer law, you have strong rights when a purchased product is defective — and no formal 'complaint form' is required. What matters is that you clearly notify the seller of the defect and demand action.

The core legal provision is BGB § 437, which gives buyers several remedies for defective goods: supplementary performance (repair or replacement), price reduction, contract rescission (cancellation), or damages — depending on the situation.

BGB § 439 specifies how supplementary performance works: you may choose either repair or replacement, and the seller must bear all related costs — including transport, labor, materials, and even removal/reinstallation if the item was built-in (e.g., a faulty kitchen appliance installed in your cabinets).

Importantly, the seller cannot refuse your chosen remedy (e.g., replacement instead of repair) unless it would cause disproportionate expense — for example, if repair costs far exceed the item’s value in perfect condition. In such cases, they may offer the alternative remedy.

Statutory Text

Ist die Sache mangelhaft, kann der Käufer, wenn die Voraussetzungen der folgenden Vorschriften vorliegen und soweit nicht ein anderes bestimmt ist, nach § 439 Nacherfüllung verlangen, nach den §§ 440, 323 und 326 Abs. 5 von dem Vertrag zurücktreten oder nach § 441 den Kaufpreis mindern und nach den §§ 440, 280, 281, 283 und 311a Schadensersatz oder nach § 284 Ersatz vergeblicher Aufwendungen verlangen.

BGB § 437 — Buyer's rights in case of defects
Statutory Text

(1) Der Käufer kann als Nacherfüllung nach seiner Wahl die Beseitigung des Mangels oder die Lieferung einer mangelfreien Sache verlangen.(2) Der Verkäufer hat die zum Zwecke der Nacherfüllung erforderlichen Aufwendungen, insbesondere Transport-, Wege-, Arbeits- und Materialkosten zu tragen.(3) Hat der Käufer die mangelhafte Sache gemäß ihrer Art und ihrem Verwendungszweck in eine andere Sache eingebaut oder an eine andere Sache angebracht, bevor der Mangel offenbar wurde, ist der Verkäufer im Rahmen der Nacherfüllung verpflichtet, dem Käufer die erforderlichen Aufwendungen für das Entfernen der mangelhaften und den Einbau oder das Anbringen der nachgebesserten oder gelieferten mangelfreien Sache zu ersetzen.

BGB § 439 — Supplementary performance (repair or replacement)

What Courts Have Said

German courts clarify when consumers can skip repair and go straight to cancellation — especially when fixing the item makes no economic sense.

BGH VIII ZR 66/21
Bundesgerichtshof, 8. Zivilsenat · 2022

When repair costs exceed the item’s value (‘total economic loss’), the buyer may immediately rescind the contract without first requesting repair — because supplementary performance would be disproportionate under BGB § 439(4).

What to Do

1

Write a dated, clear message (email or letter) naming the product, purchase date, defect, and your chosen remedy (repair or replacement).

2

Keep proof of sending (e.g., email receipt or registered mail tracking number).

3

Give the seller a reasonable time — usually up to 30 days — to act. If they fail or refuse, escalate to price reduction, cancellation, or claim damages.

4

If the seller ignores you or denies your rights, contact your local Verbraucherzentrale (consumer advice center) or file a small-claims lawsuit (Mahnverfahren).

Sources

Related Questions

Not legal advice. This article is general information based on publicly available sources, written for educational purposes. Laws change and individual situations vary. Consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction before acting on anything you read here. Last reviewed: June 2026.