Germany

What constitutes misleading advertising?

§ 5 UWG
Governing statute
14 days
Typical complaint window for unfair ads
100% proof
Burden on advertiser for price claims
2026
Latest BGH ruling cited
The Short Answer

Misleading advertising in Germany includes false or deceptive claims about product features, pricing, origin, performance, or consumer rights — any statement likely to influence a consumer’s decision they wouldn’t otherwise make.

What the Law Says

Under German law, misleading advertising is strictly prohibited as an unfair commercial practice. The core rule is found in § 5 of the Unfair Competition Act (UWG), which defines when a business action crosses the line into deception.

A commercial practice is misleading if it contains false information — or even truthful information presented in a deceptive way — that could cause a consumer to make a different purchasing decision than they would have made otherwise.

The law lists seven broad categories where misleading claims commonly occur: product characteristics (e.g., composition, performance, origin), pricing (e.g., fake discounts or unclear calculation methods), the trader’s identity or credentials, sponsorship or certification claims, need for repairs or replacements, compliance with codes of conduct, and consumer rights (e.g., exaggerated warranty promises).

It also covers comparative advertising that causes confusion with competitors’ products or brands — and bans marketing identical-looking products across EU countries while hiding material differences in quality or ingredients, unless justified by objective factors.

Statutory Text

Unlauter handelt, wer eine irreführende geschäftliche Handlung vornimmt, die geeignet ist, den Verbraucher oder sonstigen Marktteilnehmer zu einer geschäftlichen Entscheidung zu veranlassen, die er andernfalls nicht getroffen hätte.

UWG § 5(1) — Unfair Competition Act
Statutory Text

Eine geschäftliche Handlung ist irreführend, wenn sie unwahre Angaben enthält oder sonstige zur Täuschung geeignete Angaben über folgende Umstände enthält: die wesentlichen Merkmale der Ware oder Dienstleistung wie Verfügbarkeit, Art, Ausführung, Vorteile, Risiken, Zusammensetzung, Zubehör, Verfahren oder Zeitpunkt der Herstellung, Lieferung oder Erbringung, Zwecktauglichkeit, Verwendungsmöglichkeit, Menge, Beschaffenheit, Kundendienst und Beschwerdeverfahren, geographische oder betriebliche Herkunft, von der Verwendung zu erwartende Ergebnisse oder die Ergebnisse oder wesentlichen Bestandteile von Tests der Waren oder Dienstleistungen;

UWG § 5(2) — Unfair Competition Act
Statutory Text

Es wird vermutet, dass es irreführend ist, mit der Herabsetzung eines Preises zu werben, sofern der Preis nur für eine unangemessen kurze Zeit gefordert worden ist. Ist streitig, ob und in welchem Zeitraum der Preis gefordert worden ist, so trifft die Beweislast denjenigen, der mit der Preisherabsetzung geworben hat.

UWG § 5(5) — Unfair Competition Act

What Courts Have Said

German courts apply § 5 UWG strictly — especially when consumers face complex or hidden commercial tactics. Recent rulings clarify how vague claims, influencer posts, and discount promotions are assessed.

BGH I ZR 202/25
Bundesgerichtshof, 1. Zivilsenat · 2026

The court held that vague 'clinically proven' claims without disclosing study parameters or results were misleading under § 5 UWG — because average consumers reasonably expect such statements to reflect robust, independent evidence.

BGH I ZR 7/21
Bundesgerichtshof, 1. Zivilsenat · 2022

Influencers must clearly label promotional content as advertising (e.g., using #ad or 'Werbung'). Omitting this disclosure turns otherwise neutral posts into surreptitious, misleading advertising under § 5a UWG — treated as equally deceptive as false product claims.

What to Do

1

Check whether the ad makes specific factual claims (e.g., '50% faster', 'EU-certified', 'original German engineering') — these trigger strict accuracy requirements.

2

Report suspected misleading ads to the Wettbewerbszentrale (German Competition Authority) or file a complaint with your local consumer center.

3

If you bought based on false claims, you may be entitled to rescind the contract or claim damages — consult a lawyer within one year of discovering the deception.

4

For influencer posts, look for clear labeling like 'Werbung' or '#ad'; absence may support a complaint under § 5a UWG.

Sources

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Not legal advice. This article is general information based on publicly available sources, written for educational purposes. Laws change and individual situations vary. Consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction before acting on anything you read here. Last reviewed: June 2026.