Germany

What constitutes unfair dismissal under German law?

6 months
Minimum service for protection
3 weeks
Deadline to object to change dismissal
4 criteria
Social selection factors (age, tenure, etc.)
100% coverage
Applies to private & public sector
The Short Answer

Unfair dismissal in Germany occurs when an employer terminates an employee with over 6 months’ service without a valid social justification—such as conduct, personal reasons, or urgent operational needs—and fails to follow required procedural and social selection rules.

What the Law Says

Under German law, most employees gain protection against arbitrary termination after six months of uninterrupted service. The core test is whether the dismissal is 'sozial ungerechtfertigt' — socially unjustified — meaning it lacks legitimate grounds or violates fairness requirements in how the employer selects who to dismiss.

The Protection Against Dismissal Act (Kündigungsschutzgesetz, KSchG) sets strict limits on when an employer may lawfully terminate employment. Section 1 is the central provision: it renders dismissal invalid if it is socially unjustified.

A dismissal is socially unjustified unless it is based on one of three legally recognized grounds: (1) reasons related to the employee’s conduct (e.g., serious misconduct), (2) reasons related to the employee’s person (e.g., long-term incapacity due to illness), or (3) urgent operational requirements (e.g., restructuring or redundancy). Even then, the employer must prove these grounds and follow additional fairness rules.

For dismissals due to operational needs, employers must apply a 'social selection' process — weighing the employee’s length of service, age, family obligations (e.g., dependents), and disability status. Employees with stronger social ties to the company generally have priority for retention. Employers bear the burden of proof for all justifying facts.

Section 2 addresses 'change-related dismissal' (Änderungskündigung): when an employer terminates but offers continued employment under altered terms (e.g., reduced hours or new location). The employee may accept conditionally — reserving the right to challenge the proposed changes as socially unjustified — but must declare this reservation within three weeks of receiving the notice.

Statutory Text

Die Kündigung des Arbeitsverhältnisses gegenüber einem Arbeitnehmer, dessen Arbeitsverhältnis in demselben Betrieb oder Unternehmen ohne Unterbrechung länger als sechs Monate bestanden hat, ist rechtsunwirksam, wenn sie sozial ungerechtfertigt ist.

KSchG § 1 (1) — Protection Against Dismissal Act
Statutory Text

Sozial ungerechtfertigt ist die Kündigung, wenn sie nicht durch Gründe, die in der Person oder in dem Verhalten des Arbeitnehmers liegen, oder durch dringende betriebliche Erfordernisse, die einer Weiterbeschäftigung des Arbeitnehmers in diesem Betrieb entgegenstehen, bedingt ist.

KSchG § 1 (2) — Protection Against Dismissal Act
Statutory Text

Ist einem Arbeitnehmer aus dringenden betrieblichen Erfordernissen im Sinne des Absatzes 2 gekündigt worden, so ist die Kündigung trotzdem sozial ungerechtfertigt, wenn der Arbeitgeber bei der Auswahl des Arbeitnehmers die Dauer der Betriebszugehörigkeit, das Lebensalter, die Unterhaltspflichten und die Schwerbehinderung des Arbeitnehmers nicht oder nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt hat;

KSchG § 1 (3) — Protection Against Dismissal Act
Statutory Text

Diesen Vorbehalt muß der Arbeitnehmer dem Arbeitgeber innerhalb der Kündigungsfrist, spätestens jedoch innerhalb von drei Wochen nach Zugang der Kündigung erklären.

KSchG § 2 — Protection Against Dismissal Act

What Courts Have Said

German labor courts rigorously enforce the social justification requirement, especially in cases involving operational dismissals and pandemic-era workplace rules.

BAG 2 AZR 508/20
Bundesarbeitsgericht, 2. Senat · 2022

The Federal Labour Court upheld an extraordinary dismissal where an employee repeatedly refused mandatory COVID-19 testing at work, finding the measure reasonable and necessary to protect colleagues’ health — thus satisfying conduct-based justification under KSchG § 1 (2).

What to Do

1

Check whether you’ve worked for the same employer for more than 6 months — only then does full KSchG protection apply.

2

If dismissed for operational reasons, request written details of the social selection criteria used (tenure, age, dependents, disability).

3

If offered a change-related dismissal (e.g., new role or conditions), respond in writing within 3 weeks stating your conditional acceptance and reservation of rights.

4

File a wrongful dismissal lawsuit (Kündigungsschutzklage) at the local labour court within 3 weeks of receiving the notice.

Sources

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Not legal advice. This article is general information based on publicly available sources, written for educational purposes. Laws change and individual situations vary. Consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction before acting on anything you read here. Last reviewed: June 2026.