GermanyWhat are my rights if a product does not match its description under German consumer law?
If a product doesn’t match its description, it’s legally defective under German law — you can demand repair, replacement, price reduction, or contract cancellation, plus possible compensation.
What the Law Says
Under German consumer law, a product that fails to match its description is considered defective — even if it works perfectly. This is called a 'Sachmangel' (material defect), and triggers strong statutory rights for buyers.
BGB § 434 defines when a product has a material defect. A key part is the 'subjective requirements': the item must have the agreed-upon characteristics — including functionality, compatibility, quality, and any features described in advertising, packaging, or online listings.
The law also covers 'objective requirements': what a reasonable buyer would expect based on the product type, common standards, and public statements made by the seller — such as claims in ads, on labels, or in product specs (e.g., battery life, dimensions, or performance metrics).
Importantly, BGB § 434(5) states that delivering the wrong item — like sending a different model or version than ordered — counts as a defect, even if that other item is fully functional.
Once a defect exists, BGB § 437 gives you clear remedies: you may first request supplementary performance (repair or replacement), then — if that fails or is unreasonable — withdraw from the contract, reduce the purchase price, or claim damages.
Statutory TextDie Sache entspricht den subjektiven Anforderungen, wenn sie die vereinbarte Beschaffenheit hat, sich für die nach dem Vertrag vorausgesetzte Verwendung eignet und mit dem vereinbarten Zubehör und den vereinbarten Anleitungen, einschließlich Montage- und Installationsanleitungen, übergeben wird.
— BGB § 434(2) — German Civil Code
Statutory TextSoweit nicht wirksam etwas anderes vereinbart wurde, entspricht die Sache den objektiven Anforderungen, wenn sie sich für die gewöhnliche Verwendung eignet, eine Beschaffenheit aufweist, die bei Sachen derselben Art üblich ist und die der Käufer erwarten kann unter Berücksichtigung der Art der Sache und der öffentlichen Äußerungen, die von dem Verkäufer oder einem anderen Glied der Vertragskette oder in deren Auftrag, insbesondere in der Werbung oder auf dem Etikett, abgegeben wurden...
— BGB § 434(3) — German Civil Code
Statutory TextIst die Sache mangelhaft, kann der Käufer [...] nach § 439 Nacherfüllung verlangen, nach den §§ 440, 323 und 326 Abs. 5 von dem Vertrag zurücktreten oder nach § 441 den Kaufpreis mindern und nach den §§ 440, 280, 281, 283 und 311a Schadensersatz [...] verlangen.
— BGB § 437 — German Civil Code
What Courts Have Said
German courts confirm that inaccurate pre-contractual statements — even about technical specs — create enforceable rights for consumers, regardless of whether the product functions otherwise.
When a car was advertised with a specific electric range but delivered with significantly lower real-world performance, the court ruled this was a material defect under BGB § 434 — entitling the buyer to remedies, even though the vehicle operated safely and met basic regulatory standards.
What to Do
Notify the seller in writing (email or letter) within 30 days of discovering the mismatch — clearly describe how the product differs from its description.
Request either repair or replacement ('Nacherfüllung') — the seller must cover all costs and act without undue delay.
If the seller refuses, fails to fix it, or the remedy is disproportionate (e.g., replacing a €50 item takes 3 months), ask for a full refund or price reduction.
Keep proof: screenshots of ads/descriptions, order confirmation, photos/videos showing the mismatch, and all communication with the seller.
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Not legal advice. This article is general information based on publicly available sources, written for educational purposes. Laws change and individual situations vary. Consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction before acting on anything you read here. Last reviewed: June 2026.
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